');--grs:50px;--gtaos:105px;--gtaosi:-105px;--gtaof:210px;--gbes:calc(100% + 105px);--gbef:calc(100% + 210px);--gbet:translateX(-105px);--gbeti:translateX(105px);--vgc:repeat(12, 1fr);--gc1:repeat(12, 1fr);--gc2:repeat(6, 1fr);--gc3:repeat(4, 1fr);--gc3h:1/4;--gc4:repeat(3, 1fr);--gcm:8.333%;--gac:1fr;--gcw50:50%;--gc2tp:0 calc(var(--grs) * 2) 0 0;--gc2sw:var(--gbes);--gc2slpl:0 0 0 105px;--gc2srpf:0 105px 0 0;--gc2sof:1;--gc2sol:2;--gc50:4/span 6;--gc48a:1/5;--gc48b:5/-1;--gc84a:1/9;--gc84b:9/-1;--gc39a:1/4;--gc39b:4/-1;--gc93a:1/10;--gc93b:10/-1;--gc615a:1/7;--gc615b:8/-1;--gc516a:1/6;--gc516b:7/-1;--tppr:0;--bgp:42px;--s_cn:0;--s_ces:4px;--s_cest:4px 4px 0 0;--s_cesb:0 0 4px 4px;--s_cs:8px;--s_cm:12px;--s_cl:16px;--s_cls:16px 0 0 16px;--s_cle:0 16px 16px 0;--s_clt:16px 16px 0 0;--s_cel:28px;--s_celt:28px 28px 0 0;--s_cf:50%;--m_ds1:50ms;--m_ds2:100ms;--m_ds3:150ms;--m_ds4:200ms;--m_dm1:250ms;--m_dm2:300ms;--m_dm3:350ms;--m_dm4:400ms;--m_dl1:450ms;--m_dl2:500ms;--m_dl3:550ms;--m_dl4:600ms;--m_de1:700ms;--m_de2:800ms;--m_de3:900ms;--m_de4:1000ms;--m_el:0,0,1,1;--m_es:0.2,0,0,1;--m_esa:0.3,0,1,1;--m_esd:0,0,0,1;--m_ee:0.2,0,0,1;--m_eea:0.3,0,0.8,0.15;--m_eed:0.05,0.7,0.1,1;--m_elg:0.4,0,0.2,1;--m_elga:0.4,0,1,1;--m_elgd:0,0,0.2,1;--cc_w:255,255,255;--cc_b:0,0,0;--c_p:99,94,81;--c_op:255,255,255;--c_pc:234,226,209;--c_opc:31,27,18;--c_s:76,102,51;--c_os:255,255,255;--c_sc:205,237,173;--c_osc:13,32,0;--c_t:94,95,84;--c_ot:255,255,255;--c_tc:227,227,213;--c_otc:27,28,19;--c_e:179,38,30;--c_oe:255,255,255;--c_ec:249,222,220;--c_oec:65,14,11;--c_co:119,120,108;--c_b:255,255,255;--c_ob:26,28,25;--c_su:249,249,249;--c_osu:26,28,25;--c_suv:227,227,213;--c_osuv:70,72,61;--c_is:47,49,45;--c_iso:243,240,238;--c_ip:205,198,182;--c_sh:0,0,0;--c_st:99,94,81;--c_cov:199,199,185;--c_scr:0,0,0;--c_suchs:234,232,229;--c_such:240,237,235;--c_suc:245,245,245;--c_sucl:249,249,249;--c_scls:255,255,255;--c_sub:249,249,249;--c_sud:219,218,214}:root ::-webkit-scrollbar,:root ::-webkit-scrollbar-corner{background:0 0;width:9pt;height:9pt}:root ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:content-box rgb(var(--c_cov));border:2px solid transparent;border-radius:8px;color:rgb(var(--c_cov));min-height:3pc;min-width:3pc}:root ::-webkit-scrollbar-button{height:0;width:0}body,frameset{padding:0;margin:0;color:rgb(var(--c_ob));background:rgb(var(--c_b));font-family:var(--t_bmf);font-size:var(--t_bms);line-height:var(--t_bmlh);font-weight:var(--t_bmw);letter-spacing:var(--t_bmt)}body{--space_nav_top:0px;--space_nav_bottom:0px;--space_nav_left:0px;--space_nav_right:0px;--DCT:0px;--C_Q:visible;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:var(--C_Q)}footer,header{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start}score-pointer{z-index:11000}addium-header .main *,addium-menu-footer p,addium-menu-footer p *,score-text *{-webkit-user-select:text!important;-moz-user-select:text!important;user-select:text!important}:root{--t_dlf:var(--t_tb);--t_dllh:68px;--t_dls:63px;--t_dlt:-0.5px;--t_dlw:400;--t_dmf:var(--t_tb);--t_dmlh:42px;--t_dms:35px;--t_dmt:0.25px;--t_dmw:400;--t_hlf:var(--t_tp);--t_hllh:42px;--t_hls:35px;--t_hlt:0.25px;--t_hlw:400;--t_hmf:var(--t_tp);--t_hmlh:27px;--t_hms:21px;--t_hmt:0.25px;--t_hmw:400;--t_tlf:var(--t_tm);--t_tllh:24px;--t_tls:16px;--t_tlt:0.15px;--t_tlw:500;--t_tmf:var(--t_tm);--t_tmlh:normal;--t_tms:13px;--t_tmt:0.45px;--t_tmw:500;--t_llf:var(--t_tp);--t_lllh:16px;--t_lls:12px;--t_llt:0.5px;--t_llw:500;--t_lmf:var(--t_tp);--t_lmlh:16px;--t_lms:11px;--t_lmt:0.5px;--t_lmw:500;--t_blf:var(--t_tp);--t_bllh:30px;--t_bls:21px;--t_blt:0.1px;--t_blw:400;--t_bmf:var(--t_tp);--t_bmlh:24px;--t_bms:17px;--t_bmt:0.1px;--t_bmw:400;--grs:50px;--gtaos:105px;--gtaosi:-105px;--gtaof:210px;--gbes:calc(100% + 105px);--gbef:calc(100% + 210px);--gbet:translateX(-105px);--gbeti:translateX(105px);--vgc:repeat(4, 1fr);--gc1:1fr;--gc2:1fr;--gc3:1fr;--gc3h:1/-1;--gc4:1fr 1fr;--gc5:1fr;--gcm:8.333%;--gac:auto;--gcw50:100%;--gc2tp:0;--gc2sw:100%;--gc2slpl:calc(var(--grs) / 2) 0;--gc2srpf:calc(var(--grs) / 2) 0;--gc2sof:2;--gc2sol:1;--gc50:1/-1;--gc48a:1/-1;--gc48b:1/-1;--gc84a:1/-1;--gc84b:1/-1;--gc39a:1/-1;--gc39b:1/-1;--gc93a:1/-1;--gc93b:1/-1;--gc615a:1/-1;--gc615b:1/-1;--gc516a:1/-1;--gc516b:1/-1;--bgp:18px}main{width:100%}addium-header score-form[type="0"] score-input-container.col-1,addium-header score-form[type="0"] score-input-container.col-2,addium-header score-form[type="0"] score-input-container.col-3,addium-header score-form[type="0"] score-input-container.col-4,addium-header score-form[type="0"] score-input-container.col-5,addium-header score-form[type="1"] score-input-container.col-1,addium-header score-form[type="1"] score-input-container.col-2,addium-header score-form[type="1"] score-input-container.col-3,addium-header score-form[type="1"] score-input-container.col-4,addium-header score-form[type="1"] score-input-container.col-5,addium-header score-form[type="2"] score-input-container.col-1,addium-header score-form[type="2"] score-input-container.col-2,addium-header score-form[type="2"] score-input-container.col-3,addium-header score-form[type="2"] score-input-container.col-4,addium-header score-form[type="2"] score-input-container.col-5,addium-header score-form[type="3"] score-input-container.col-1,addium-header score-form[type="3"] score-input-container.col-2,addium-header score-form[type="3"] score-input-container.col-3,addium-header score-form[type="3"] score-input-container.col-4,addium-header score-form[type="3"] score-input-container.col-5,score-banner-element section p,score-dialog-element fieldset,score-dialog-element section p,score-input-container.col-1 score-input,score-input-container.col-2 score-input,score-input-container.col-3 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var(--hmm));--h1mw:725px;view-transition-name:header;display:grid;grid-template-columns:var(--vgc);grid-column:1/-1;width:100%}addium-header.inverted,addium-header[type="0"],score-text.inverted{--cc_w:255,255,255;--cc_b:0,0,0;--c_p:#c3e2a3;--c_op:55,51,40;--c_pc:75,70,59;--c_opc:234,226,209;--c_s:178,208,147;--c_os:31,54,9;--c_sc:53,78,30;--c_osc:205,237,173;--c_t:199,199,185;--c_ot:48,49,39;--c_tc:70,72,61;--c_otc:227,227,213;--c_e:242,184,181;--c_oe:96,20,16;--c_ec:140,29,24;--c_oec:249,222,220;--c_co:143,144,131;--c_b:0,0,0;--c_ob:228,226,223;--c_su:18,20,17;--c_osu:228,226,223;--c_suv:70,72,61;--c_osuv:199,199,185;--c_is:228,226,223;--c_iso:47,49,45;--c_ip:99,94,81;--c_sh:0,0,0;--c_st:205,198,182;--c_cov:70,72,61;--c_scr:0,0,0;--c_suchs:51,53,49;--c_such:40,43,39;--c_suc:30,32,29;--c_sucl:26,28,25;--c_scls:13,15,11;--c_sub:56,58,54;--c_sud:18,20,17;--CD:var(--c_osu);--CD_variant:var(--c_osuv)}addium-header score-form{width:auto;max-width:450px;padding:28px 0!important}addium-header score-form score-input input{--cw:0!important}addium-header score-form[type="0"] .DLV,addium-header score-form[type="1"] .DLV,addium-header score-form[type="2"] .DLV,addium-header score-form[type="3"] .DLV,score-text td p,score-text th p{margin:0!important}addium-header score-form[type="6"],addium-header score-form[type="7"]{max-width:350px}addium-header[type="0"] .graphics3d,addium-header[type="0"] .score_media_element,addium-header[type="0"] figure,addium-header[type="1"] .graphics3d,addium-header[type="1"] .score_media_element,addium-header[type="1"] figure,addium-header[type="2"] .graphics3d,addium-header[type="2"] .score_media_element,addium-header[type="2"] figure,addium-header[type="3"] .graphics3d,addium-header[type="3"] .score_media_element,addium-header[type="3"] figure,score-teaser.IK .score_media_element{z-index:0}addium-header[type="0"] .main,addium-header[type="1"] .main,addium-header[type="2"] .main,addium-header[type="3"] .main{z-index:1;flex-direction:column}addium-header[type="0"] .main h1,addium-header[type="1"] .main h1,addium-header[type="2"] .main h1,addium-header[type="3"] .main h1{font-family:var(--t_dmf);font-size:var(--t_dms);line-height:var(--t_dmlh);font-weight:var(--t_dmw);letter-spacing:var(--t_dmt);max-width:var(--h1mw)}addium-header[type="0"],addium-header[type="1"]{grid-template-rows:repeat(6,1fr);margin:var(--hm) 0 0 var(--hm);width:var(--hw)}addium-header[type="0"] .graphics3d,addium-header[type="0"] .score_media_element,addium-header[type="0"] figure,addium-header[type="1"] .graphics3d,addium-header[type="1"] .score_media_element,addium-header[type="1"] figure{grid-area:1/1/-1/-1;margin:0;width:100%}addium-header[type="0"] .main,addium-header[type="1"] .main{display:block;grid-column:1/-1;padding:var(--hp)}addium-header[type="0"] .main{grid-row:3/-1;width:var(--hmw);margin:0 var(--hmm)}addium-header[type="1"]{width:100%;height:calc(-92px + 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img,addium-header[type="1"]>.graphics3d score-video,addium-header[type="1"]>.graphics3d svg,addium-header[type="1"]>.graphics3d video,addium-header[type="1"]>.score_media_element img,addium-header[type="1"]>.score_media_element score-video,addium-header[type="1"]>.score_media_element svg,addium-header[type="1"]>.score_media_element video,addium-header[type="1"]>figure img,addium-header[type="1"]>figure score-video,addium-header[type="1"]>figure svg,addium-header[type="1"]>figure video{object-fit:cover;height:calc(-92px + 100vh);max-height:40pc}addium-header[type="2"] .main,addium-header[type="3"] .main{display:block;grid-row:1/span 2}addium-header[type="2"] .main{margin:3pc 6px;width:calc(100% - 12px);grid-column:1/-1}addium-header[type="2"] .graphics3d,addium-header[type="2"] .score_media_element,addium-header[type="2"] figure{margin:0;width:calc(100% - 12px);display:block;grid-column:1/-1;grid-row-end:span 6;padding:0!important}addium-header[type="2"]+score-video-external{margin:-9pt;width:calc(100% + 24px);grid-column:1/-1}addium-header[type="3"] .main{grid-column:1/7;height:min-content;align-self:center;margin:0 6px;width:calc(100% - 12px)}addium-header[type="3"] .graphics3d,addium-header[type="3"] .score_media_element,addium-header[type="3"] figure{grid-column:7/-1}:root{--sv:visible;--tti:translate(0, 0);--ttc:translate(-50%, -50%);--ttcx:translate(-50%, 0);--ttcy:translate(0, -50%);--ttvx:translateX(-50vw);--ttl:translate(-100%, 0);--ttr:translate(100%, 0);--ttt:translate(0, -100%);--ttb:translate(0, 100%);--tra:rotate(45deg);--trb:rotate(-45deg);--trc:rotate(90deg);--trd:rotate(-90deg);--tsa:scaleX(0);--tsb:scaleX(1);--tsc:scaleY(0);--tsd:scaleY(1);--bxa:0 2px 4px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),0 4px 5px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14);--ba:1px solid var(--cb);--bb:1px solid var(--cw);--bc:1px solid var(--cg1);--bd:1px solid var(--cg2);--be:1px solid var(--cg4);--c_st0:0;--c_st1:0.05;--c_st2:0.08;--c_st3:0.11;--c_st4:0.12;--c_st5:0.15;--c_bs0:drop-shadow(0px 0px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)) drop-shadow(0px 0px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14)) drop-shadow(0px 0px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12));--c_bs1:drop-shadow(0px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)) drop-shadow(0px 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14)) drop-shadow(0px 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12));--c_bs2:drop-shadow(0px 3px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)) drop-shadow(0px 3px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14)) drop-shadow(0px 1px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12));--c_bs3:drop-shadow(0px 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)) drop-shadow(0px 6px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14)) drop-shadow(0px 1px 18px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12));--c_bs4:drop-shadow(0px 5px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)) drop-shadow(0px 8px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14)) drop-shadow(0px 3px 14px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12));--c_bs5:drop-shadow(0px 7px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)) drop-shadow(0px 12px 17px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14)) drop-shadow(0px 5px 22px rgba(0, 0, 0, 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Terpenes are significant to how humans experience cannabis. Besides being responsible for our natural attraction to the plant’s appearance and aroma, terpenes also contribute to the plant’s therapeutic and medicinal effects. While ongoing scientific research into the potential healing properties of these powerful compounds is expanding along with legalization, brands have already started embracing terpenes as a more nuanced and reliable way to describe their cultivars and promote their products. And terpenes’ therapeutical potential could someday have a bigger role to play in both the cannabis industry and the future of medicine.
In this article, we’ll explore…
Terpenes are volatile organic compounds responsible for the scent, flavor, and color of plants and have a natural ability to deter insects and mitigate microorganisms. They are a key component of essential oils, highly concentrated and complex liquid compounds derived from plants and proven to offer multiple health benefits. In addition to the vital role terpenes play in repelling predators and attracting pollinators, they are also behind the plant’s anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and other properties.
Terpenes are part of the most extensive and varied class of volatile organic compounds known as isoprenoids, which are comprised of two or more units of the hydrocarbon isoprene. During terpene biosynthesis, a single enzyme creates a reaction linking one part of a molecule to another, forming a closed ring and causing a variety of modifications. Secondary metabolites are among such modifications and include terpenoids, which result from the introduction of oxygen, and flavonoids which also use scent, color, and flavor to attract insect pollinators and regulate cell growth in plants.
The majority of terpenes identified in cannabis fall under the two classes of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Monoterpenes have two isoprene units and are considered the smallest and most fragrant terpene classification. Because their primary function is to attract pollinators or repel predators through scent, monoterpenes are used commercially in fragrances and repellants and are the primary ingredient in essential oils. Sesquiterpenes are larger and more stable than monoterpenes and are characterized by three isoprene units. Beyond contributing to plant growth and serving as either a defense or attraction mechanism in response to environmental factors, sesquiterpenes are also used to treat migraines and bacterial infections.
The variability of chemical compounds made possible through terpenes gives each cultivar its own unique flavor and aromatic profile, but adding cannabinoids into the mix takes that variety further, offering customers and producers alike plenty to play with when it comes to effects.
Read more about terpenes and their chemical properties here.
Research indicates that terpenes show the potential to treat a broad range of illnesses due to their therapeutic properties. In this section, we break down the terpenes that occur most frequently across cannabis cultivars, and their reported effects:
Read more about cannabis terpenes and their effects here.
Cannabis terpenes are packed with medicinal potential, but they‘re not alone. In this section we dig into the relationship between terpenes and cannabinoids, and how they collaborate to produce what’s known as the “entourage effect”.
Over 100 cannabinoids have been identified in the cannabis plant, and research shows they play a role in regulating multiple bodily functions including metabolic activity and digestion. Within the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoids are able to produce myriad therapeutic outcomes by binding to CB1 and CB2 receptors throughout the body and central nervous system.
Professors Raphael Mechoulam and Shimon Ben-Shabat hypothesized in 1998 that the greatest therapeutic benefit from cannabis comes not from one individual compound, but from the interaction between different cannabinoids and the combination of cannabinoids and terpenes. This hypothesis became the entourage effect theory.
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal chemical component in cannabis the cannabinoid attributed to its psychoactive and analgesic properties. The second most prevalent cannabinoid is cannabidiol or CBD, which is known to have anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Considered non-psychoactive, CBD contributes to the entourage effect by potentially mitigating the potency of and intoxication from THC in high doses. In low doses, CBD shows the potential to enhance THC’s effects. The consumer market’s embrace of the entourage effect has opened the door to full-spectrum products that blend extracts of CBD with terpenes, essential oils, flavonoids, and other cannabinoids including THC in low amounts, and broad-spectrum products high in CBD and other plant constituents with little or no THC.
Here’s how other chemical compounds in cannabis factor into the entourage effect:
Read more about terpenes and their role in the entourage effect here.
While the entourage effect boils down to terpenes and cannabinoids joining forces to produce a variety of therapeutic outcomes, the method in which cannabis is consumed can directly impact the way consumers absorb these volatile compounds. In this section, we explore how terpenes interact with different cannabis consumption methods.
Inhalation
The most common cannabis consumption method is inhalation. This is typically achieved when the plant material is combusted – via rolled cigarettes like joints or blunts, or through bongs and other pipes – resulting in smoke that’s inhaled through the lungs. Inhalation through vaporizers, or vaping, has also become popular with consumers and involves heating the plant material without causing combustion. Vaping is largely considered to be the safer option since consumers inhale vapor instead of smoke, which is more likely to be carcinogenic.
As volatile compounds, terpenes are particularly susceptible to heat and start to evaporate and even degrade at temperatures between 70°-100°F – which makes smoking the less optimal way to consume terpenes. Because vaping doesn’t lead to combustion, terpenes are better preserved through heating which enables consumers to experience the flavors while also reaping greater benefits from the entourage effect.
Oral Ingestion
Oral ingestion is the consumption of food or drinks that have been infused with cannabis. The effects are felt through sublingual applications – strips, lozenges, and drops for example – in which absorption is achieved in the mucous membranes under the tongue and throughout the mouth, typically within minutes. Eating cookies, gummies, and other infused foods leads to absorption through the digestive tract and metabolization through the liver before releasing into the bloodstream and the brain. This method involves a slower onset time, but effects can last for hours. Mimicking their role in nature, terpenes contribute to the aroma and flavors of infused food and drinks, but whether consumers experience the entourage effect when consuming them depends greatly on the manufacturing process.
Concentrates
Trichomes, the microscopic resinous bearers of cannabinoids from the cannabis plant, are extracted then used to create the overarching product category known as concentrates. Containing high levels of THC, concentrates like hash, rosin, and shatter also have high amounts of terpenes and are largely considered the best way to experience the flavors of these volatile compounds.
How they are processed and consumed, however, can impact their availability. A study on dabbing for example, in which the smoke from high-THC concentrates is inhaled after combustion, showed increased instances of the terpene β-myrcene – but also a greater exposure to harmful or potentially harmful components (HPHCs).
Topicals (Balm, Lotion, Salve, Cream)
When applied to the skin, cannabis topicals can provide localized relief against pain and a variety of skin conditions. Cannabis-infused topicals including lotions and balms penetrate the outer epidermal layer and are absorbed by interacting with CB1 and CB2 receptors in the skin, but don’t get reach the bloodstream, which is why they’re generally considered to be non-psychoactive for the user.
Depending on how they’re produced, topicals can exhibit the analgesic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and other therapeutic properties inherent to the plant’s most abundant cannabinoids and terpenes – enabling consumers to reap the benefits of the entourage effect in the potential treatment of various skin conditions.
Read more about terpenes and their potential health benefits here.
In summary…
As legalization continues, further scientific study has started supporting what many have discovered anecdotally about terpenes: that volatile compounds from the cannabis plant may very well hold the key to countless medical and therapeutic applications.
Cannabis terpenes are packed with medicinal possibilities, but they’re not alone. This article explores what happens when terpenes and cannabinoids collaborate in what’s known as the entourage effect.
In this article, we discuss the most frequently occurring terpenes in the cannabis plant and their effects.